ABSTRACT
ObjectiveTo explore the protective effect of Xielitang on ulcerative colitis （UC） mice induced by dextran sodium sulfate （DSS） and its possible mechanism. MethodSixty C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into normal group， model group， sulfasalazine group and and low-， medium-， and high-dose Xielitang groups. Free drinking DSS solution to build the chronic UC model mice. Except for normal group， other groups were given 1.5% DSS for 3 cycles of drinking （days 1-7， days 22-28 and days 43-49） and distilled water for the rest of the time （days 8-21， days 29-42 and days 50-63）. After the first cycle， corresponding drugs were given for 42 days. The changes of general condition， body weight and disease activity index （DAI） score of mice were daily recorded during the experiment. At the end of the treatment， serum and colon tissue samples were collected， colon length was measured， intestinal weight index and colonic mucosal injury （CMDI） score were calculated. The pathological status of colon tissue was observed by hematoxylin-eosin （HE） staining. The levels of interleukin-6 （IL-6）， interleukin-10 （IL-10） and tumour necrosis factor-α （TNF-α） were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA）. The gene and protein expressions of Toll like receptor 4 （TLR4）， nuclear transcription factor-κB （NF-κB） and hypoxia inducible factor-1α （HIF-1α） in colon tissue was detected by Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction （Real-time PCR） and Western blot. ResultCompared with the normal group， the body weight， colon length and IL-10 content in the model group were significantly decreased （P<0.01）， DAI score， intestinal weight index， CMDI score， IL-6 and TNF-α contents， and mRNA and protein expression levels of TLR4， NF-κB and HIF-1α in the model group were significantly increased （P<0.01）. Moreover， the structure of colonic mucosa was destroyed and inflammatory cells infiltrated in the model group. Compared with model group， body weight， colon length and IL-10 content in each dose group of Xielitang were significantly increased （P<0.05， P<0.01）， DAI score， intestinal weight index and CMDI score， IL-6 and TNF-α contents， mRNA and protein expression levels of TLR4， NF-κB and HIF-1α were notably decreased （P<0.05， P<0.01）. The pathological injury of colon was obviously alleviated. ConclusionXielitang can significantly improve the inflammatory response of UC mice induced by DSS， and its mechanism may be related to the regulation of TLR4/NF-κB/HIF-1α signaling pathway.
ABSTRACT
In order to improve the teaching reform of higher education systematically and op-erably, and in order to improve the effectiveness of teaching reform, teaching reform in Higher Educa-tion in the micro system engineering and SIMPP analysis method were proposed. With questionnaire survey on classroom learning state of all students from traditional Chinese medicine Grade 2010-2013 of Beijing University as an example, the principle and operation steps of SIMPP analysis method was systematically discussed. According to the students' related behavior pattern and strategy analysis affected by teachers, the analysis of the results of interpretation method and application direction was illustrated. At the same time, through the monograph, nine aspects (academic diligence level, learning effectiveness of self cognition, learning interest, teacher's influence, self-study ability, class atten-dance, learning objectives, curriculum satisfaction, major satisfaction) were analyzed by SIMPP. By modeling the related factors and their relationship, the internal relations between different factors were cleared, and the students' behavior patterns were found, and the corresponding reform measures were designed. Research shows that the concept and methods of teaching reform in Higher Education in the micro system engineering will produce a positive impact on teaching reform, curriculum reform, and the integration of family education and school education.
ABSTRACT
College students' self cognition of the learning effectiveness influences their learning behavior greatly. Focusing on college students' self cognition of their learning effectiveness, and then standardizing their learning behavior is one of the important work of educators in colleges. Therefore this paper has designed the questionnaire of the influencing factors of learning effectiveness self cog-nition, used SIMPP analysis method to analyze it, and set up the relation model. The analysis shows that college students' self cognition of learning effectiveness is influenced not only by students' dili-gence level and the recognition degree of specialized subject, but also by the factors such as the attitude when you get the bad results. The result provides data basis and scientific basis for future practice and relevant research for educators in colleges.
ABSTRACT
In recent years, lower and lower class attendance has plagued the quality of uni-versity teaching. To solve this problem, this study conducted a questionnaire survey in accordance with the concepts of the Education Reform microscopic systems engineering and the method of SIMPP. The results showed that factors affecting student classroom attendance included two aspects: the sub-jective and objective factors. Indicators related to the subjective factors were: the personal attitude when faced with failure exams, the personal learning interest and personal grasp of the main source of knowledge. Indicators related to the objective factors were: school and teachers. Also, this study gave some suggestions on how to improve students' classroom attendance to provide data basis and refer-ence for further study on class attendance.
ABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the effect of combination therapy of tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) with methotrexate (MTX) on collagen induced arthritis (CIA) rats.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Totally 55 male SD rats were stratified by body weight. Nine of them were randomly recruited as the normal control group. The rest 46 were immunized with type II bovine collagen (C II) for establishing rheumatoid arthritis (RA) model. Forty successfully modeled rats were randomly divided into 4 groups according to swollen toe degree, i.e., the CIA group, the TMP group, the MTX group, and the TMP plus MTX group, 10 in each group. Rats in the MTX group were administered with MTX (1. 2 mg/kg) , once per week for 4 continuous weeks. Those in the TMP group were administered with 40 mg/kg TMP, once per day for 10 continuous days, and then discontinued for 7 successive days, and continued for another 10 successive days. Rats in the TMP plus MTX group were administered with a mixture of equal dose MTX and TMP, and when MTX was discontinue, TMP was administered according to the way in the TMP group. Equal volume of saline solution was given to rats in the normal control group and the CIA group. Clinical parameters including ankle width (mediolateral diameter) and hindpaw swelling were measured at day 0, 4, 11, 18, and 26 after treatment. Rats were sacrificed 28 days after treatment, their knee joints and ankle joints were collected for pathological analyses. Serum levels of IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-17A were detected by ELISA. Changes of fibrinogen (FIB) and platelet aggregation rate (PAg) were detected.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Compared with the normal control group, the ankle width and hindpaw swelling increased significantly (P < 0.01), contents of FIB and PAg increased obviously (P < 0.05, P < 0.01), serum levels of IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-17 increased remarkably (P <0. 01) in the CIA group. Obvious cell proliferation, inflammatory cell infiltration, hyperemia and edema of synovial tissues could be seen. Pannus formed and immerged in cartilages, resulting in necrosis. Compared with the model group, changes of ankle width and hindpaw swelling were all alleviated in each medicated group (P <0. 05, P <0. 01). Of them, the effect was superior in the MTX group to that of the TMP group and the MTX plus TMP group (P < 0.05, P < 0.01). Contents of FIB, serum levels of IL-1β and IL-6 decreased significantly in the MTX group (P < 0.05). Contents of FIB, serum levels of IL-1β and IL-6 decreased significantly in the TMP group and the MTX plus TMP group (P < 0.05). Besides, serum levels of FIB and IL-6 were obviously lower in the MTX plus TMP group than in the TMP group and the MTX group (P < 0.01). Levels of PAg and IL-17A were more significantly lowered in the TMP group than in the MTX plus TMP group and the MTX group. Pathological changes could be alleviated in each medicated group, with the optimal effect obtained in the MTX plus TMP group.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Combination of TMP with MTX could significantly ameliorate inflammatory reactions and FIB contents of CIA rats.</p>